Game Theory (ECON 159) We consider games that have both simultaneous and sequential components, combining ideas from before and after the midterm. We represent what a player does not know within a game using an information set: a collection of nodes among which the player cannot distinguish. This lets us define games of imperfect information; and also lets us formally define subgames. We then extend our definition of a strategy to imperfect information games, and use this to construct the normal form (the payoff matrix) of such games. A key idea here is that it is information, not time per se, that matters. We show that not all Nash equilibria of such games are equally plausible: some are inconsistent with backward induction; some involve non-Nash behavior in some (unreached) subgames. To deal with this, we introduce a more refined equilibrium notion, called sub-game perfection. 00:00 - Chapter 1. Games of Imperfect Information: Information Sets 18:56 - Chapter 2. Games of Imperfect Information: Translating a Game from Matrix Form to Tree Form and Vice Versa 35:11 - Chapter 3. Games of Imperfect Information: Finding Nash Equilibria 49:59 - Chapter 4. Games of Imperfect Information: Sub-games 01:10:17 - Chapter 5. Games of Imperfect Information: Sub-game Perfect Equilibria Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses This course was recorded in Fall 2007.
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Tags: Backward Induction Battle sexes Cournot duopoly extensive form imperfect information sets Nash equilibrium normal sub-game perfect
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Lec 1 - Introduction: five first lessons
Lec 2 - Putting yourselves into other people's shoes
Lec 3 - Iterative deletion and the median-voter theorem
Lec 4 - Best responses in soccer and business partnerships
Lec 5 - Nash equilibrium: bad fashion and bank runs
Lec 6 - Nash equilibrium: dating and Cournot
Lec 7 - Nash equilibrium: shopping, standing and voting on a line
Lec 8 - Nash equilibrium: location, segregation and randomization
Lec 9 - Mixed strategies in theory and tennis
Lec 10 - Mixed strategies in baseball, dating and paying your taxes
Lec 11 - Evolutionary stability: cooperation, mutation, and equilibrium
Lec 12 - Evolutionary stability: social convention, aggression, and cycles
Lec 13 - Sequential games: moral hazard, incentives, and hungry lions
Lec 14 - Backward induction: commitment, spies, and first-mover advantages
Lec 15 - Backward induction: chess, strategies, and credible threats
Lec 16 - Backward induction: reputation and duels
Lec 17 - Backward induction: ultimatums and bargaining
Lec 19 - Subgame perfect equilibrium: matchmaking and strategic investments
Lec 20 - Subgame perfect equilibrium: wars of attrition
Lec 21 - Repeated games: cooperation vs. the end game
Lec 22 - Repeated games: cheating, punishment, and outsourcing
Lec 23 - Asymmetric information: silence, signaling and suffering education
Lec 24- Asymmetric information: auctions and the winner's curse